Hydrogen as a Zero-Emission Fuel: An Opportunity for Energy-Intensive Industries
Abstract:
The importance of hydrogen in the context of the energy transition is particularly emphasized within the framework of the European Green Deal—the European Union’s strategy aimed at achieving climate neutrality by 2050 [1]. The use of hydrogen in industry can play a key role in the decarbonization of high-temperature and energy-intensive processes, such as those in metallurgy, metalworking, foundry operations, the cement industry, coke production, the glass industry, and the manufacturing of building materials, including modular and refractory materials. Its application in these sectors enables not only the reduction of COâ‚‚ emissions but also the modernization of technological processes and an increase in the energy efficiency of industrial plants. However, the introduction of hydrogen into existing industrial processes involves a number of technical and material challenges. It becomes crucial to understand the impact of hydrogen on the course of chemical reactions, the properties of structural materials used, and the quality of the products manufactured. Of particular importance are issues related to the interaction of hydrogen with refractory linings applied in high-temperature industrial installations. Studies indicate that hydrogen can induce corrosion processes in refractory materials, the intensity of which depends on temperature, pressure, and the duration of hydrogen exposure. The literature describes examples of refractory ceramic degradation that may lead to reduced lining durability and an increased operational risk of installations in industrial plants. In order to minimize potential risks associated with the introduction of hydrogen into existing industrial installations, research at the quarter technical and pilot scales is essential, as it allows new processes to be safely tested without the risk of production interruptions. In this way, enterprises can assess the need for installation modifications, select appropriate materials resistant to hydrogen exposure, and develop optimal technological conditions. The implementation of such research is particularly important in energy-intensive industries, where equipment failure or production limitations may result in significant financial losses.
