Human Trafficking: Recognizing and reacting – the Role of the Dental Professional
Abstract:
Human trafficking (HT) is a pervasive and escalating global crisis affecting communities across North America, with victims commonly aged between 13 and 16 years. Increasingly facilitated through online platforms and organized criminal networks, trafficking often involves coercion, violence, psychological manipulation, and forced drug dependency. Victims frequently remain invisible within healthcare settings due to fear, mistrust of law enforcement, psychological control, and threats against themselves or their families. Dental professionals are uniquely positioned to identify potential victims, as trafficked individuals may access dental care while under the supervision of a controlling perpetrator. This article outlines key clinical and behavioral indicators of trafficking observable in dental settings, including signs of physical abuse, branding tattoos, malnourishment, substance misuse, anxiety, memory loss, and the presence of a domineering companion. It also discusses the challenges of differentiating trafficking from domestic violence or other forms of abuse. Emphasis is placed on the importance of observation, compassion, trust-building, and creating a safe clinical environment. Practical guidance is provided regarding appropriate questioning, documentation, and referral pathways, including hotline resources in Canada and the United States. Through education and heightened awareness, dental professionals can play a critical role in recognizing, responding to, and supporting victims of human trafficking.
