Factors Altering the Genitourinary Tract Microbiota: Clinical and Thera peutic Implications
Abstract:
This article examines the composition and function of the genitourinary tract microbiota and its relationship with various urogenital pathologies, highlighting the clinical and therapeutic implications of microbiota imbalance. Under normal conditions, the vaginal and urinary microbiota is dominated by Lactobacillus genus, which play a protective role through the production of lactic acid, hydrogen peroxide, and bacteriocins. However, several factors such as indiscriminate antibiotic use, hormonal changes, intimate hygiene practices, aging, and immune conditions promote microbial dysbiosis. This imbalance favors the proliferation of pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Gard nerella vaginalis, Candida albicans, and Trichomonas vaginalis, increasing susceptibility to recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs), bacterial vaginosis, candidiasis, and sexually transmitted infections (STIs). The aim of this study was to identify the main factors that alter the microbial balance of the genitourinary tract and analyze their clini cal consequences. To this end, a literature review was conducted using recent national and international scientific sources. The study examines pathogenic mechanisms of uropathogenic bacteria, their immune evasion strategies, biofilm formation, and their role in infection recurrence are addressed. Additionally, emerging therapeutic strat egies are discussed, including the use of probiotics, personalized treatments, and the importance of a syndromic approach in STI management. We conclude that preserving the eubiosis of the urogenital microbiome is essential to prevent infections, improve reproductive health, and optimize targeted medical interventions.
