Abstract: Journal of Aerospace Engineering, Aeronautics, and Space Technologies

Abstract:
Rapid urban growth and global challenges such as climate change and social inequality have driven a pro found transformation in the architectural design of cities. Today, more than ever, the population is becoming more specialized in knowledge, and more and more architects are proposing changes in cities for sustainabili ty. In the last four years, the proportion of the world's population living in urban areas increased from 56.48% in 2021 to 57.90% in 2024, with an average annual rate of 0.71 percentage points. However, this progress has been accompanied by an increase in social vulnerability: the urban population in informal settlements in creased from 24.2% in 2020 to 24.8% in 2022, reaching 1.12 billion people. This context demands a rethinking of urban architecture to ensure sustainability, resilience, and inclusion.