Abstract: Journal of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences

Abstract:
Most of the northern part of Thailand has undergone forest restoration with Pinus kesiya, which has been deteriorated by monoculture for a long time. Thus, the Pinus kesiya is a fast-growing tree and thrives well in harsh, challenging environmental conditions. Nowadays, the forest restoration area has been replaced with native plants for a long period of time—more than 45 years in some areas—resulting in the ecosystem structure improving accordingly. both in the forest structure. The process of decomposing litter includes the soil hydrologic characteristics, which are crucial to the soil water storage process and affect the water services in the stream. Therefore, the SWAT model was used as a tool for planning the watershed management area of cedar forests that may be affected by land use changes or climate change in the future.