Global Prevalence and Genetic Landscape of ESBL-Producing Pathogens: A Comprehensive Analysis Across Continents
Abstract:
Multiple drug resistance to antibacterials, antifungals, antivirals, antiprotozoals, and anti-tumor drugs has ex ploded in the last decade or two, threatening health and medical care solutions in the current scenario. Among the most concerning manifestations of this crisis are the ESKAPE pathogens, a group of six highly virulent and antibiotic-resistant (Gram-positive and Gram-negative) bacterial pathogens, including Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, And Entero bacterspp. These pathogens cause life-threatening nosocomial or community-acquired infections affecting almost all the major systems of the human body including respiratory, urinary systems as well as skin. The economic bur den of antimicrobial resistance is expected to rise by 10-fold to about 10 million by 2050. The capacity of multidrug resistant (MDR) germs to evade antibacterial treatments has impeded global efforts to control them. The study assessed 7 keyword combinations on Pubmed. The research articles in each keyword combination were sorted by continent and chronology. The goal of this review summarizes the prevalence of ESKAPE pathogens in different continents of the world with specific emphasis on ESBL producing resistant pathogens. As observed from the studies in the review, E. coli and Klebsiella specifically pneumoniae accounts for the commonest pathogens in the list with blaCTX, bla SHV and blaTEM as the key players. Therefore, prevalence and the spread of these pathogens along with the associated genes have been compiled across the different continents in the current study
