Comparison of Palpation and Ultrasound for Sacral Cornua Identification and Evaluation of Caudal Epidural Anatomy in Children Aged 1-84 Months
Abstract:
Objectives: The aim of this study is to compare the identification of the sacral cornua using palpation and ultra sound, and to evaluate sacrococcygeal area via ultrasound across different age groups of children. Setting: This study was conducted in Istanbul University Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey.
Design: This study included 348 children aged 1 to 84 months, who were divided into three age groups: 1-24 months, 25-48 months, and 49-84 months. Sacrococcygeal area was assessed using both palpation and ultrasound imaging. Palpation findings were categorized as ‘good,’ ‘difficult,’ or ‘non-palpable.’ Ultrasound imaging of the sacral cornua was classified as ‘clear,’ ‘unclear,’ or ‘invisible.’ Measurements taken included the inter-cornual distance, the anteroposterior diameter of the sacral canal, the distance from the skin to the sacral canal, and the distance from the dural sac to the cornua level.
Results: Palpation of the sacral cornua was rated as ‘good’ in 75.9% of patients, ‘difficult’ in 22.4%, and ‘non-pal pable’ in 1.7%. All patients with ‘good’ cornua palpation were also classified as ‘clear’ on ultrasound imaging. Among the cases with ‘difficult’ palpation, 76% showed a ‘clear’ ultrasound image, while 24% were ‘unclear’. Only one patient had ‘invisible’ cornua on ultrasound. Across all patients, the mean (± SD) inter-cornual distance, anteroposterior diameter of the sacral canal, and the distance between the skin and sacral canal were 1.19 ± 0.11 cm, 0.33 ± 0.06 cm, and 0.46 ± 0.14 cm, respectively. The mean distance from the dural sac to the cornua level was 3.72 ± 1.64 cm, and this distance increased significantly with age (P < 0.01).
Conclusions: Ultrasound is a valuable tool for identifying the sacral cornua, especially when palpation is difficult, and offers reliable, detailed information on sacral anatomy.
